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Ceramics are a class of materials that have been used by humanity for thousands of years, from ancient pottery to modern high-tech applications. These versatile materials are made by shaping and then firing inorganic, non-metallic substances at high temperatures to create hard, durable objects. Ceramics are known for their strength, thermal stability, aesthetic versatility, and long-lasting durability, making them essential in both everyday items and advanced technological applications.
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Ceramics are typically composed of natural minerals, such as clays, silica, and oxides, or synthetic materials like silicon carbide or boron nitride. These materials are often mixed with water or other binders to form a moldable mass, which is then fired in a kiln or furnace at high temperatures to achieve the desired properties.
In the ceramics field, PbZrO₃ is often combined with Lead Titanate (PbTiO₃) to form Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)—a solid solution that exhibits outstanding piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. However, even in its pure form, Lead Zirconate is used in:
- Hardness: Ceramics are typically very hard and resistant to scratching, making them ideal for applications like cutting tools, abrasives, and wear-resistant coatings.
- Thermal Resistance: Ceramics can withstand high temperatures without melting or deforming, making them perfect for furnaces, kilns, and aerospace components.
- Electrical Insulation: Most ceramics are insulating materials, which means they do not conduct electricity, making them ideal for use in electronic components.
- Brittleness: While ceramics are very strong under compression, they can be brittle under tension, meaning they are prone to cracking.
- Chemical Inertness: Many ceramics are highly resistant to corrosion and chemical attack, making them ideal for use in harsh environments like chemical processing or medical implants.